Physician empathy: definition, components, measurement, and relationship to gender and specialty.

Full Abstract

OBJECTIVE:
There is a dearth of empirical research on physician empathy despite its mediating role in patient-physician relationships and clinical outcomes. This study was designed to investigate the components of physician empathy, its measurement properties, and group differences in empathy scores.

METHOD:
A revised version of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (with 20 Likert-type items) was mailed to 1,007 physicians affiliated with the Jefferson Health System in the greater Philadelphia region; 704 (70%) responded. Construct validity, reliability of the empathy scale, and the differences on mean empathy scores by physicians' gender and specialty were examined.

RESULTS:
Three meaningful factors emerged (perspective taking, compassionate care, and standing in the patient's shoes) to provide support for the construct validity of the empathy scale that was also found to be internally consistent with relatively stable scores over time. Women scored higher than men to a degree that was nearly significant. With control for gender, psychiatrists scored a mean empathy rating that was significantly higher than that of physicians specializing in anesthesiology, orthopedic surgery, neurosurgery, radiology, cardiovascular surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, and general surgery. No significant difference was observed on empathy scores among physicians specializing in psychiatry, internal medicine, pediatrics, emergency medicine, and family medicine.

CONCLUSIONS:
Empathy is a multidimensional concept that varies among physicians and can be measured with a psychometrically sound tool. Implications for specialty selection and career counseling are discussed.

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Author information

Author/s: Hojat, Mohammadreza (M); Gonnella, Joseph S (JS); Nasca, Thomas J (TJ); Mangione, Salvatore (S); Vergare, Michael (M); Magee, Michael (M);

Affiliation: Center for Research in Medical Education and Health Care, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. mohammadreza.hojat(-atsign-)mail.tju.edu

Journal and publication information

Publication Type: Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Journal: The American journal of psychiatry (Am J Psychiatry), published in United States. (Language: eng)

Reference: 2002-Sep; vol 159 (issue 9) : pp 1563-9

Dates: Created 2002/08/30; Completed 2002/09/20; Revised 2006/11/15;

PMID: 12202278, status: MEDLINE (last retrieval date: 12/26/2008)

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MeSH headings (categories)

This article was linked to the MESH Headings shown below.

Adult
Age Factors
Aged
Attitude of Health Personnel
Data Collection - statistics & numerical data
Empathy
Female
Humans
Male

Male
Middle Aged
Personality Assessment - statistics & numerical data
Physician-Patient Relations
Physicians - psychology
Psychometrics
Reproducibility of Results
Sex Factors
Specialties, Medical - statistics & numerical data

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