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| Research article summary (published 27 Feb 2003): |
The behavioral economics of cigarette smoking: The concurrent presence of a substitute and an independent reinforcer.
Full Abstract
The present study examined the consumption of cigarettes and two alternative reinforcers in dependent smokers. Cigarette price (response requirement) increased across sessions while alternatives were available at a fixed price in four phases of availability:
(1). cigarettes alone; (2). cigarettes and nicotine gum; (3). cigarettes and money; and (4). cigarettes, nicotine gum, and money. Cigarette consumption decreased with increasing price throughout. In the cigarette and nicotine gum phase, nicotine gum consumption increased with cigarette price, indicating nicotine gum to be a substitute for cigarettes. In the cigarette and money phase, money consumption increased slightly with cigarette price, indicating money to be an independent reinforcer for cigarettes. When all three reinforcers were present, money again served as an independent reinforcer. During this phase, nicotine gum consumption increased marginally, but the small magnitude of increase suggests that nicotine gum functioned as an independent reinforcer rather than a substitute. Cigarette consumption decreased modestly when nicotine gum was available, and to a larger extent when money or both alternatives were available. The results highlight the potential for an independent reinforcer such as money to be more effective at reducing drug use than a pharmacological substitute.
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Author information
Author/s: Johnson, M W (MW); Bickel, W K (WK);
Affiliation: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Vermont 05401-1419, USA. matthew.johnson@uvm.edu
Grants: R37 DA06526 (Agency:United States NIDA) ; T32 DA07242 (Agency:United States NIDA)
Journal and publication information
Publication Type: Clinical Trial; Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
Journal: Behavioural pharmacology (Behav Pharmacol), published in England. (Language: eng)
Reference: 2003-Mar; vol 14 (issue 2) : pp 137-44
Dates: Created 2003/03/26; Completed 2003/09/03; Revised 2007/11/14;
PMID: 12658074, status: MEDLINE (last retrieval date: 11/6/2008)
Sourced from the National Library of Medicine. Abstract text and other information may be subject to copyright.
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