Reinforcement (Psychology)

61.

Cognitive theories as reinforcement history surrogates: the case of likelihood ratio models of human recognition memory.

B. F. Skinner (1977) once argued that cognitive theories are essentially surrogates for the organisms (usually unknown) reinforcement history. In this article, we argue that this notion applies rather directly to a class of likelihood ratio models of ...
John T Wixted, Santino C Gaitan (Anim Learn Behav, 200211)
cognitive-theories-reinforcement-history-surrogates-case-likelihood.asp

62.

Brain DA D2 receptors predict reinforcing effects of stimulants in humans: replication study.

We had shown that striatal DA D2 receptors levels predicted the reinforcing responses to the psychostimulant drug methylphenidate in nondrug-abusing subjects. Here, we assessed the replicability of this finding. We measured D2 receptors with PET and ...
Nora D Volkow, Gene-Jack Wang, Joanna S Fowler, Panayotis Peter K Thanos, Jean Logan, Samuel J Gatley, Andrew Gifford, Yu-Shin Ding, Chris Wong, Naomi Pappas, Pether Thanos (Synapse, 200211)
brain-da-d-receptors-predict-reinforcing-effects-stimulants-humans.asp

63.

Stimulant medication improves recognition memory in children diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

The effect of stimulant medication on recognition memory was examined in 18 children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Recognition memory was assessed using a delayed matching-to-sample task at 6 delays ranging from 1 to 32 s. Each ...
John J Chelonis, Mark C Edwards, Eldon G Schulz, Ronald Baldwin, Donna J Blake, Alyssa Wenger, Merle G Paule (Exp Clin Psychopharmacol, 200211)
stimulant-medication-improves-recognition-memory-children-diagnosed.asp

64.

Psychological myths in e-learning.

Traditional education and training has paid scant attention to the psychology of learning. Despite detailed research into motivation, distribution and reinforcement, most current methods of delivery still rely on a supply-led, lecture and classroom-based ...
Donald Clark (Med Teach, 200211)
psychological-myths-e-learning.asp

65.

The neural basis of human error processing: reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity.

The authors present a unified account of 2 neural systems concerned with the development and expression of adaptive behaviors: a mesencephalic dopamine system for reinforcement learning and a "generic" error-processing system associated with the anterior ...
Clay B Holroyd, Michael G H Coles (Psychol Rev, 200210)
neural-basis-human-error-processing-reinforcement-learning-dopamine.asp

66.

Reward, motivation, and reinforcement learning.

There is substantial evidence that dopamine is involved in reward learning and appetitive conditioning. However, the major reinforcement learning-based theoretical models of classical conditioning (crudely, prediction learning) are actually based on ...
Peter Dayan, Bernard W Balleine (Neuron, 200210)
reward-motivation-reinforcement-learning.asp

67.

An emerging molecular and cellular framework for memory processing by the hippocampus.

The hippocampus plays a central role in memory consolidation, a process for converting short-term memory into cortically stored, long-lasting memory in the mammalian brain. Here, we review recent data and discuss the synaptic re-entry reinforcement (SRR) ...
Gayle M Wittenberg, Joe Z Tsien (Trends Neurosci, 200210)
emerging-molecular-cellular-framework-memory-processing-hippocampus.asp

68.

Childhood discipline: challenges for clinicians and parents.

Although childhood discipline is an important issue for parents, this topic is seldom emphasized by family physicians during well-child examinations. Behavior problems are relatively common but frequently under-recognized by physicians. Opportunities to ...
J Burton Banks (Am Fam Physician, 200210)
childhood-discipline-challenges-clinicians-parents.asp

69.

Monitoring and control of action by the frontal lobes.

Success requires deciding among alternatives, controlling the initiation of movements, and judging the consequences of actions. When alternatives are difficult to distinguish, habitual responses must be overcome, or consequences are uncertain, ...
Jeffrey D Schall, Veit Stuphorn, Joshua W Brown (Neuron, 200210)
monitoring-control-action-frontal-lobes.asp

70.

A social validation assessment of the use of microswitches with persons with multiple disabilities.

The purpose of this two-part study was to conduct a social validation assessment of microswitches versus interaction/stimulation conditions used with persons with multiple disabilities. In Part I, 32 teacher-assistant trainees were shown video-tapes ...
Giulio E Lancioni, Mark F OReilly, Nirbhay N Singh, Doretta Oliva, Monia Marziani, Jop Groeneweg (Res Dev Disabil, 200209-10)
social-validation-assessment-microswitches-persons-multiple.asp