Reinforcement (Psychology)

1.

The effect of psychological management on dental anxiety in children.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of using of psychological management techniques on the level of anxiety in Nigerian children during dental management. The Short Form of the Dental Anxiety Survey Schedule was administered to 81 children ...
M O Folayan, D Ufomata, C A Adekoya-Sofowora, O D Otuyemi, E Idehen (J Clin Pediatr Dent, 2003SUMMER)
effect-psychological-management-dental-anxiety-children.asp

2.

Brief training to promote the use of less intrusive prompts by nursing assistants in a dementia care unit.

We evaluated the efficacy of a brief staff-training procedure to increase the use of graduated prompting by 2 certified nursing assistants (CNAs) while they helped to dress 3 persons with dementia in a seven-bed dementia care unit. The multiple baseline ...
Kimberly K Engelman, Deborah E Altus, Michael C Mosier, R Mark Mathews (J Appl Behav Anal, 2003SPRING)
brief-training-promote-less-intrusive-prompts-nursing-assistants.asp

3.

First look: what brings clergy candidates into ministry and what happens when they dont get it.

This article reports on a retrospective examination of all candidates for ordained ministry in Alabama-West Florida Annual Conference of The United Methodist Church from September 1995 to 1998. The results showed, contrary to expectations, that clergy in ...
C Wayne Perry, D Min (J Pastoral Care Counsel, 2003SPRING)
first-look-brings-clergy-candidates-ministry-happens-don-t-get-it.asp

4.

Effects of teacher-directed versus student-directed instruction on self-management of young children with disabilities.

In this study, students worked independently by setting goals, selecting assignments, and recording and evaluating their results after receiving one of two different types of self-management training. During teacher-directed training, the teacher set ...
Deirdre K Mithaug, Dennis E Mithaug (J Appl Behav Anal, 2003SPRING)
effects-teacher-directed-versus-student-directed-instruction-self.asp

5.

Encoding predictive reward value in human amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex.

Adaptive behavior is optimized in organisms that maintain flexible representations of the value of sensory-predictive cues. To identify central representations of predictive reward value in humans, we used reinforcer devaluation while measuring neural ...
Jay A Gottfried, John ODoherty, Raymond J Dolan (Science, 200308)
encoding-predictive-reward-value-human-amygdala-orbitofrontal-cortex.asp

6.

Negative affect: effects on an evaluative measure of human pain.

Prior work indicates that exposure to fear-inducing shock inhibits finger-withdrawal to radiant heat in humans (hypoalgesia), whereas anxiety induced by threat of shock enhances reactivity (hyperalgesia; Pain 84 (2000) 65-75). Although finger-withdrawal ...
Jamie L Rhudy, Mary W Meagher (Pain, 200308)
negative-affect-effects-evaluative-measure-human-pain.asp

7.

Neural activity related to the processing of increasing monetary reward in smokers and nonsmokers.

This study investigated the processing of increasing monetary reward in nonsmoking and smoking subjects. The choice of the subject populations has been motivated by the observation of differences between nonsmokers and smokers in response to rewarding ...
C Martin-Soelch, J Missimer, K L Leenders, W Schultz (Eur J Neurosci, 200308)
neural-activity-related-processing-increasing-monetary-reward-smokers.asp

8.

Alcohol and error processing.

A recent study indicates that alcohol consumption reduces the amplitude of the error-related negativity (ERN), a negative deflection in the electroencephalogram associated with error commission. Here, we explore possible mechanisms underlying this result ...
Clay B Holroyd, Nick Yeung (Trends Neurosci, 200308)
alcohol-error-processing.asp

9.

Improved cognitive and motor development in a community-based intervention of psychosocial stimulation in northeast Brazil.

The aim of the study was to compare the development of children with and without a programme of psychosocial stimulation in control and intervention sites in a poorly resourced area of northeast Brazil. The sample (n = 156, born 1998) was from a larger ...
Sophie H Eickmann, Ana C V Lima, Miriam Q Guerra, Marilia C Lima, Pedro I C Lira, Sharon R A Huttly, Ann Ashworth (Dev Med Child Neurol, 200308)
improved-cognitive-motor-development-community-based-intervention.asp

10.

Pretreatment task persistence predicts smoking cessation outcome.

R. Eisenbergers (1992) learned industriousness theory states that individuals display differing degrees of persistence depending on their history of reinforcement for effortful behavior. These differences may influence the development, maintenance, and ...
Thomas H Brandon, Thaddeus A Herzog, Laura M Juliano, Jennifer E Irvin, Amy B Lazev, Vani Nath Simmons (J Abnorm Psychol, 200308)
pretreatment-task-persistence-predicts-smoking-cessation-outcome.asp